Espectro Investigativo Latinoamericano
type: channel
description: La Revista ESPILA: Espectro Investigativo Latinoamericano, fue establecida en ISAE Universidad en el año 2018. La publicación de la Revista ESPILA es la segunda línea de acción establecida, dentro del Programa de Publicaciones y otros medios de difusión de los resultados de investigación de la Dirección de Investigación, Innovación y Postgrado.
publisher: ISAE Universidad
language: es
publication name: Espectro Investigativo Latinoamericano
issn: 2710-7515
items: Research quality and university accreditation:
items: Articulation of the Substantive Functions and the quality of the training processes in Higher Education
items: Gender Gaps in University Mathematics Education:
items: Application of Forensic Informatics as a Science of Scientific and Evidential Study in the Judicial System of Panama
items: Socioeconomic factors as determinants of health habits in university students
items: Constituent elements of a transformational pedagogical support model in educational supervision
items: Impact of the Zero Trust Model on RESTful APIs for SMEs
items: Language, reading, and writing in the construction of personal, local, and cultural identity:
items: Quality culture and educational inclusion:
items: Innovation and sustainability:
items: Theoretical foundations for the transformation of English language learning in Spanish-speaking contexts
items: Variables impacting English language learning at the University of Panama:
items: Vulnerability of students to phishing sttacks
items: Effectiveness of the service verification form as a technical control instrument:
items: Editorial
items: A comprehensive view of M-learning in virtual education
items: Energy efficiency in photovoltaic systems:
items: Job motivation in the face of the implementation of teleworking among UDELAS administrative staff
items: ICT as an Educational Tool to strengthen the Teaching-Learning process of University Education
items: Teacher training on the SDGs:
items: Modernizing Transformations of the Latin American University
items: E-learning course for learning rational numbers
items: Design of a course of induction to working life aimed at Health Science Students
items: Tecnopedagogy of ISAE University Professors: Analysis of Innovative Skills for the Teaching-Learning Process
items: Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Higher Education in Panama: Challenges and Opportunities
items: Factors and barriers affecting the quality of and access to Health Care in Darién Panama
items: The Role of Internal Communication in Government Institutions
items: Revolution in Early Stimulation: AI for Children's Cognitive Development through Personalized Programs
items: La biocontabilidad: disciplina para la cuantificación de la riqueza ambiental
items: Gestión Ambiental para disposición de los residuos sólidos en el Instituto Profesional y Técnico de Bocas del Toro

Research quality and university accreditation:
type: item
description: This study analyzes the research indicators established in the accreditation and reaccreditation matrices of the National Council for University Evaluation and Accreditation of Panama (CONEAUPA), with the purpose of identifying their coherence, scope, and alignment with international quality assurance standards. Using a quatitative, descriptive–analytical approach, a documentary and comparative study was conducted based on the current accreditation matrices, complemented by resolutions, manuals, and methodological guidelines published between 2021 and 2024. The information was examined through open and axial coding, organized in an analytical matrix that enabled the comparison of national indicators with international frameworks from INQAAHE and RIACES, identifying patterns of convergence and divergence. The findings reveal a progressive advancement in the conceptualization of university research, transitioning from a model focused on documentary formalization to one based on management, quality assurance, and knowledge transfer. However, a limited presence of indicators related to the verification and action phases of the continuous improvement cycle (PDCA) was identified, suggesting the need to strengthen monitoring, evaluation, and impact assessment processes. It is concluded that the Panamanian accreditation system exhibits an intermediate level of institutional maturity, progressing toward a more comprehensive and results-oriented management model, yet requiring the consolidation of continuous improvement mechanisms that foster sustainability, cooperation, and innovation within the research function.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: research quality
  topic: keywords
subject: university accreditation
  topic: keywords
subject: indicators
  topic: keywords
subject: continuous improvement
  topic: keywords
subject: CONEAUPA
  topic: keywords
creator: Tereana Jauregui Maldonado
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Espectro Investigativo Latinoamericano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-27
publication date: 2026-01-27
starting page: 41
ending page: 54
doi: 10.61454/afxcar30

Articulation of the Substantive Functions and the quality of the training processes in Higher Education
type: item
description: In the context of higher education, quality is a dynamic and multifaceted concept that involves continuous processes of evaluation, monitoring, and improvement. The systematization of academic indicators is key to measuring and ensuring this quality, and its integration with the core functions of higher education, teaching, research, and outreach is presented as an effective strategy for ensuring continuous improvement in higher education institutions. This article explores how the systematization of academic indicators can contribute to ensuring educational quality, analyzing the relationships between the indicators and the core functions, as well as the challenges and opportunities presented by their implementation. It concludes that integration with technology can generate a more efficient and transparent management system, facilitating decision-making, strategic actions, the comprehensive development of institutions, and the fulfillment of their educational objectives.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: academic indicators
  topic: keywords
subject: educational quality
  topic: keywords
subject: substantive functions
  topic: keywords
subject: quality assurance
  topic: keywords
subject: higher education
  topic: keywords
creator: Julie Guerrero
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Espectro Investigativo Latinoamericano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-27
publication date: 2026-01-27
starting page: 17
ending page: 31
doi: 10.61454/pc8mpc05

Gender Gaps in University Mathematics Education:
type: item
description: This article presents a statistical analysis of student enrollment by sex in two university programs of the Faculty of Natural, Exact, and Technological Sciences at the University of Panama: the Bachelor’s Degree in Mathematics and the Bachelor’s Degree in Mathematics Education, covering the period from 2011 to 2023. Descriptive indicators such as sex proportions, femininity ratio, absolute gap, and relative gap were used to examine the evolution of male and female participation in both programs. The results show that the Bachelor’s Degree in Mathematics Education exhibits a sustained increase in female enrollment and a progressive approach toward parity by 2023. In contrast, the Bachelor’s Degree in Mathematics maintains a persistent male overrepresentation throughout the period, with stable gaps and no clear signs of convergence. Although total enrollment fluctuates over time, gender inequality patterns differ substantially between the two programs. Finally, the institutional implications of these findings are discussed, and lines of action are proposed to strengthen gender equality policies in university-level mathematics education.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: women
  topic: keywords
subject: gender gap
  topic: keywords
subject: enrollment
  topic: keywords
creator: Julio Trujillo-González
creator: Melany Jaramillo Carrasquilla
creator: Alexandr Vorotnikov Rubatino
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Espectro Investigativo Latinoamericano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-27
publication date: 2026-01-27
starting page: 32
ending page: 40
doi: 10.61454/jzxb2q44

Application of Forensic Informatics as a Science of Scientific and Evidential Study in the Judicial System of Panama
type: item
description: The rapid digital transformation of social, economic, and legal environments has increased the incidence of cybercrime, making digital evidence a central element in criminal investigation and contemporary justice administration. In this context, computer forensics has established itself as an essential applied scientific discipline for ensuring the integrity, authenticity, and evidentiary validity of digital data. However, in various forensic scenarios, limitations associated with the use of manual and poorly standardized procedures persist, affecting the efficiency, traceability, and technical quality of forensic analysis. This article aims to analyze the application of computer forensics as a science of scientific judicial evidence in Panama, in relation to the challenges posed by the treatment of digital evidence and the need to strengthen the technical rigor of forensic processes. This study is based on an applied methodological approach, predominantly qualitative, focused on the analysis of forensic practices related to the examination of emails and the technical validation of digital financial evidence. The results of this research show that the incorporation of automated forensic tools contributes significantly to optimizing the analysis of digital evidence by reducing operating times, minimizing the margin for human error, and improving the standardization and quality of expert reports. As a conclusion to this research, we can highlight that these practices, in line with international standards and the current regulatory framework, strengthen the probative validity of digital evidence in the Panamanian judicial system and reinforce the accuracy of forensic results.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: computer forensics
  topic: keywords
subject: digital evidence
  topic: keywords
subject: expert evidence
  topic: keywords
subject: forensic automation
  topic: keywords
subject: digital justice
  topic: keywords
creator: Luis Rivas
creator: Dianys del Carmen Reyes Alvarado
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Espectro Investigativo Latinoamericano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-27
publication date: 2026-01-27
starting page: 8
ending page: 16
doi: 10.61454/8epa1k85

Socioeconomic factors as determinants of health habits in university students
type: item
description: Lifestyle habits directly impact health status, but few studies have focused on the university student population in Colombia. This study aimed to determine the relationship between socioeconomic and personal factors (sex, marital status, employment status) of university students in Bogotá and their lifestyles. A descriptive, observational, cross-sectional, and quantitative analytical design was used. The sample consisted of 548 students, with a mean age of 23.1 years. Participants completed the Revised University Student Lifestyle Questionnaire (CEVJU-R). Analyses were performed using non-parametric tests (Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis) and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Healthy lifestyles were identified among the students in six of the eight dimensions evaluated. However, significantly unhealthy habits were found in Physical Activity and Leisure Time. Analysis by sociodemographic variables revealed that women exhibited less healthy habits regarding physical activity and leisure. Furthermore, higher purchasing power was correlated with healthier lifestyles. The findings confirm the overall deficit in physical activity and leisure among university students, with women and students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds being the most vulnerable. Strong coping skills act as a protective factor. It is recommended that intervention strategies be designed to promote gender-specific physical activity and mitigate socioeconomic barriers to well-being.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: Lifestyle
  topic: keywords
subject: healthy behaviors
  topic: keywords
subject: health promotion
  topic: keywords
subject: young university students
  topic: keywords
creator: Alexi Geovanny García Castañeda
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Espectro Investigativo Latinoamericano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-27
publication date: 2026-01-27
starting page: 92
ending page: 103
doi: 10.61454/vngjtv06

Constituent elements of a transformational pedagogical support model in educational supervision
type: item
description: This research aims to develop a transformational pedagogical accompaniment model within the context of educational supervision, focusing on enhancing one of its core functions: pedagogical support. To achieve this goal, a qualitative and descriptive methodological approach was adopted, allowing an in-depth exploration of the experiences and perspectives of educational supervisors in order to understand the essential elements shaping this practice. Following Sabino (2010), this approach enables the interpretation of complex educational realities through the contextualized analysis of narratives. Data collection was conducted through interviews with selected supervisors, whose insights were systematized and graphically represented, revealing key factors and challenges related to pedagogical accompaniment. Among the most significant findings, supervision emerges as a strategic tool to strengthen school management and enrich teaching and learning processes. The study highlights that pedagogical accompaniment facilitates guidance for school leaders and teachers, access to relevant educational information, implementation of institutional evaluation mechanisms, and dissemination of educational policies and programs. In conclusion, the proposed model positions transformational pedagogical accompaniment as an effective mechanism for driving substantial improvements in educational quality. This perspective portrays supervision as a dynamic force that fosters more participatory, innovative, and learning-centered school environments.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: pedagogical
  topic: keywords
subject: education
  topic: keywords
subject: transformation
  topic: keywords
creator: Rene Rodríguez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Espectro Investigativo Latinoamericano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-27
publication date: 2026-01-27
starting page: 81
ending page: 91
doi: 10.61454/zstny873

Impact of the Zero Trust Model on RESTful APIs for SMEs
type: item
description: This study analyzes the impact of implementing Zero Trust-based security policies on a functional RESTful API for SMEs. Using an empirical approach, a functional API was designed in Laravel 12 with traditional security controls and subsequently with Zero Trust policies (JWT authentication, RBAC, continuous monitoring). Automated tests with Postman showed an 85.7% reduction in critical vulnerabilities (OWASP ZAP) and 100% blocking of unauthorized access, with acceptable average latency (<500 ms). The results demonstrate that Zero Trust is viable for SMEs, balancing security and operability without requiring costly infrastructure. The study concludes that implementing the Zero Trust model in a RESTful service architecture has a positive impact on both system security and performance. The Zero Trust strategy is accessible not only to large organizations with high technological capabilities but also to medium-sized businesses, which can begin by protecting critical APIs or integrating them into CI/CD pipelines. Recommended for organizations seeking to strengthen their security posture without sacrificing operational efficiency or technological flexibility.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: Zero Trust
  topic: keywords
subject: RESTful APIs
  topic: keywords
subject: cybersecurity
  topic: keywords
subject: SMEs
  topic: keywords
subject: performance
  topic: keywords
creator: Cristian Taju
creator: Angelica Pitti
creator: José de los Reyes Rivera Castro
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Espectro Investigativo Latinoamericano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-27
publication date: 2026-01-27
starting page: 121
ending page: 138
doi: 10.61454/x42v5m50

Language, reading, and writing in the construction of personal, local, and cultural identity:
type: item
description: This study originates from a teaching experience carried out at the “Maestro Luis Beltrán Prieto Figueroa” Educational Unit, located in Boca del Río, Macanao Peninsula, Margarita Island, Venezuela, based on a diagnostic assessment conducted with second-year General Secondary Education students during the 2018–2019 school year. The aim of the research was to promote reading and writing as social practices oriented toward the construction of personal, local, and cultural identity among students at this educational level. The study adopted a qualitative approach, grounded in the socio-critical paradigm and the Transformative Participatory Action Research (TPAR) method. Its central focus was on strengthening the use of oral and written language through contextualized, participatory pedagogical strategies linked to students’ lived and community experiences. The results reveal significant advances in communicative skills, evidenced through the narration of personal experiences, the production of critical accounts of audiovisual content, the comprehensive reading of short stories and myths, and the creation of various text types, such as traditional recipes, biographies, and letters. In addition, students were able to recover and resignify their community’s historical memory through the compilation of family narratives, legends, décimas, and local anecdotal accounts. Overall, the activities implemented fostered students’ recognition of themselves as active members of a community with its own history, culture, and values, ther eby strengthening their collective identity.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: Reading; Writing
  topic: keywords
subject: Personal identity
  topic: keywords
subject: Local identity
  topic: keywords
subject: Cultural identity
  topic: keywords
creator: Nancy Marcano
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Espectro Investigativo Latinoamericano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-27
publication date: 2026-01-27
starting page: 155
ending page: 167
doi: 10.61454/4735ax47

Quality culture and educational inclusion:
type: item
description: This article analyzes the epistemological and political tensions that emerge between the notions of quality culture and educational inclusion in Chilean and Latin American higher education. Based on a systematic literature review (PRISMA) of indexed publications between 2015 and 2025, it examines the convergences and contradictions between quality assurance discourses promoted by accrediting agencies (CNA-Chile, CONEAU-Argentina, SINAES-Costa Rica) and the principles of cognitive justice and educational equity. It considers classic authors such as Bernstein, Bourdieu, and Freire, as well as contemporary authors such as Marginson, Barnett, Santos, and Trowler, highlighting how regulatory frameworks tend to homogenize institutional and epistemic diversity. The results reveal that quality assessment mechanisms, although oriented toward improvement, reproduce cultural hierarchies that hinder the inclusion of situated and decolonial epistemologies. It is concluded that a more symmetrical understanding of quality —as an intersubjective and dialogical construction— would allow reconciling academic rigor with educational and social diversity.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: higher education
  topic: keywords
subject: inclusion
  topic: keywords
subject: quality
  topic: keywords
subject: epistemology
  topic: keywords
subject: public policy
  topic: keywords
creator: Gonzalo Zambrano Millar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Espectro Investigativo Latinoamericano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-27
publication date: 2026-01-27
starting page: 55
ending page: 67
doi: 10.61454/6vsnxt69

Innovation and sustainability:
type: item
description: By 2023, Colombia reports that 1.36% of exported coffee is roasted, reflecting significant barriers in the transformation of green coffee to roasted coffee. SMEs in the rural sector face low technology adoption due to technical and financial constraints. This research aims to identify the factors of technology adoption in the roasting phase of the coffee value chain in Colombian SMEs. To this end, a qualitative case study was conducted at the company “Del Campo Girardota” (Girardota, Antioquia), where a survey was administered to understand how technology adoption takes place, using as a specific example one of the most relevant pieces of machinery in the transformation process. The results show that technology adoption in this SME takes place at three specific moments. First, competitive intelligence, which allows for the identification of technological and procedural trends. Second, the prioritization and selection of technologies using a matrix that evaluates not only operational and financial capacity, but also technical aspects such as cost and time reduction, as well as related technologies. Third, proof of concept, once a specific technology has been selected for a pre-selected process. This procedure was validated through the roaster, corroborating the steps and decision criteria. The results broaden the discussion on productivity, competitiveness, and sustainability of SMEs in the sector.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: Technology adoption
  topic: keywords
subject: Prioritization matrix
  topic: keywords
subject: Competitive intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: SMEs
  topic: keywords
creator: Sebastián Cardona-Acevedo
creator: Maribel Pulgarín Castañeda
creator: Alejandro Arango-Correa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Espectro Investigativo Latinoamericano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-27
publication date: 2026-01-27
starting page: 139
ending page: 154
doi: 10.61454/bxa0t402

Theoretical foundations for the transformation of English language learning in Spanish-speaking contexts
type: item
description: This article aims to present a theoretical framework to reflect on the transformation of English language learning as a foreign language in Spanish-speaking contexts. The study follows a qualitative documentary approach. From a theoretical perspective, English learning is understood as a practice connected to students’ experiences, taking into account the linguistic, cultural, institutional, and pedagogical conditions of Spanish-speaking contexts. In this framework, communicative competence, learner autonomy, and pedagogical mediation are identified as key concepts. The main theoretical findings suggest that meaningful use of English plays a central role in learning, as it supports the development of communicative competence beyond the acquisition of formal language knowledge. The findings also indicate that learner autonomy develops gradually through language use and reflection on the learning process, in close relation to teacher support. Finally, viewing context as a factor that influences but does not limit learning highlights the need to transform English learning by focusing on real language use and on students’ experiences and active participation.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: English language learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Spanish-speaking contexts
  topic: keywords
subject: communicative competence
  topic: keywords
subject: learner autonomy
  topic: keywords
subject: pedagogical mediation
  topic: keywords
creator: Iraida Hernández Jerez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Espectro Investigativo Latinoamericano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-27
publication date: 2026-01-27
starting page: 104
ending page: 120
doi: 10.61454/bs4pbf18

Variables impacting English language learning at the University of Panama:
type: item
description: This research sought to understand the deficiencies in the English proficiency of the university student population. External variables to the learning process were studied and grouped into institutional, pedagogical, and socioeconomic categories. Although these variables are beyond the control of individual learning, they are related to educational policies and the context of higher education. The main objective was to define the impact of these barriers, based on their classification as limitations of lesser or greater influence, as external variables to the English learning process. The research design was mixed, using quantitative data from a semi-structured survey administered to a sample of one hundred students (n=100), representing 10% of the student population of the English Department 987 (N=987), during the second semester of 2025. Meanwhile, 10 faculty members, 20 students, and 5 administrative staff members, all from the English School at the main campus, were interviewed, constituting the qualitative component. The results reveal a lack of essential spaces such as laboratories, limited access to technological resources, pedagogical shortcomings, restricted access to resources, and insufficient time availability. In conclusion, an institutional policy is urgently needed to certify English proficiency levels, streamline processes, and eliminate barriers through an internationalization strategy that does not view English merely as another requirement.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: English
  topic: keywords
subject: higher education
  topic: keywords
subject: education policy
  topic: keywords
subject: communication
  topic: keywords
subject: language
  topic: keywords
subject: barriers
  topic: keywords
creator: Rafael A. Cárdenas
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Espectro Investigativo Latinoamericano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-27
publication date: 2026-01-27
starting page: 168
ending page: 179
doi: 10.61454/0s12ef26

Vulnerability of students to phishing sttacks
type: item
description: The use of digital media by university students has increased their susceptibility to the exposure of their personal and academic information. This study aimed to determine the vulnerability of students at the Central University of Nicaragua during 2025 to phishing attacks via email and text messages. It also analyzed the potential association of these attacks with sociodemographic variables such as age, sex, academic year, and major using a quantitative correlational approach. The hypothesis was that a significant proportion of students would be vulnerable to phishing attacks (p=0.5), with associations to the aforementioned variables. The population consisted of 700 students from various majors. Using simple random sampling, with a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error, a sample of 249 students with email addresses registered in the institutional database was selected. Data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, and confidence intervals. The chi-square test of independence was applied to determine associations; when the assumptions were not met, the Monte Carlo method and Fisher's exact test were used. 36.9% of students were found to be vulnerable, with a slightly higher proportion among women, and no significant associations with sociodemographic variables. Younger students and first-year students showed a higher number of cases of vulnerability. This highlights the need to implement cybersecurity awareness and training strategies, as well as to explore new variables that allow for a better understanding of the factors that influence susceptibility to phishing attacks.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: cybersecurity
  topic: keywords
subject: data security
  topic: keywords
subject: cyberattack
  topic: keywords
subject: phishing
  topic: keywords
subject: social engineering
  topic: keywords
subject: electronic mail
  topic: keywords
creator: Rebeca del Carmen Molina Hernández
creator: Hilder Amílcar Olivas Doña
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Espectro Investigativo Latinoamericano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-27
publication date: 2026-01-27
starting page: 180
ending page: 192
doi: 10.61454/88z0zw71

Effectiveness of the service verification form as a technical control instrument:
type: item
description: The Brazilian construction sector faces persistent challenges related to rework, technical failures, and low productivity, which significantly affect project performance and increase operational costs. Within this context, the Service Verification Form (FVS) emerges as a key tool in Quality Management Systems, providing standardization, technical traceability, and conformity control in construction activities. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the FVS as a technical control instrument, identifying its contributions, limitations, and opportunities for improvement in a real construction environment. The research employed an applied, exploratory, mixed-methods approach, using a structured Likert-scale questionnaire administered to eight professionals, complemented by qualitative analysis of open-ended responses. Results indicate a predominantly positive perception of the FVS regarding activity monitoring and reduction of execution failures, although challenges such as system slowness, irregular training practices, and dependence on technical support still restrict its optimal use. The discussion highlights the need for stronger alignment between digital tools, continuous training, and an organizational culture committed to quality. The study concludes that the FVS is effective in supporting technical control and improving process reliability, but its full potential depends on structural system improvements, managerial engagement, and strategies that enhance standardization and operational efficiency within construction sites.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: Quality management
  topic: keywords
subject: Service verification Checklist
  topic: keywords
subject: Construction industry
  topic: keywords
subject: Productivity
  topic: keywords
creator: Vitória da Silva Costa
creator: Maria Klivia dos Santos Gomes
creator: Tyson Rafael dos Santos
creator: Marcus Eduardo Sousa de Lima
creator: Eduardo Oliveira Nascimento
creator: Maria Estela Aparecida Giro
creator: Madson Fernandes de Melo Júnior
creator: Guilherme Mendes Tomaz dos Santos
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Espectro Investigativo Latinoamericano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-27
publication date: 2026-01-27
starting page: 68
ending page: 80
doi: 10.61454/fhmaxp81

Editorial
type: item
subject: Editorial
  topic: section
creator: Gustavo Mizraim González
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Espectro Investigativo Latinoamericano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-27
publication date: 2026-01-27
doi: 10.61454/yr1kfs60

A comprehensive view of M-learning in virtual education
type: item
description: In recent years, the integration of mobile technologies in higher education—particularly in virtual environments—has experienced exponential growth, evidencing a progressive transformation in teaching and learning processes. This trend has enabled the implementation of more interactive, flexible, and personalized didactic strategies that respond to the demands of a society marked by mobility, constant connectivity, and the digitalization of knowledge. Mobile Learning (M-learning) has emerged as a pedagogical approach that allows students to access educational content and activities anytime and anywhere. This article aims to provide a critical review of the state of the art of M-learning in virtual contexts, considering its definition, theoretical foundations, current trends, and applied methodologies. From the analysis of various sources, common characteristics are identified, such as portability, ubiquity, interactivity, and personalization of learning. In addition, different methodological frameworks that guide the development of instructional proposals based on mobile technologies are examined. The study concludes that M-learning offers significant potential to improve the quality of virtual education; however, its effective implementation requires a comprehensive approach that includes pedagogical design, teacher training, and the development of adequate educational resources.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: M-learning
  topic: keywords
subject: e-learning
  topic: keywords
subject: mobile technologies
  topic: keywords
subject: personalized learning
  topic: keywords
subject: higher virtual education
  topic: keywords
creator: Víctor Hugo Villarreal Arauz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Espectro Investigativo Latinoamericano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-07-27
publication date: 2025-07-27
starting page: 15
ending page: 21
doi: 10.61454/51qzdh75

Energy efficiency in photovoltaic systems:
type: item
description: The process of generating energy has become more expensive, and demand has increased significantly. As a result, global energy prices have soared to historic levels. One of the most reliable and sustainable alternatives is the use of solar panels or photovoltaic energy. The objective of this study is to determine the time periods during which the highest amount of solar energy is generated, in order to optimize its use.Methods: This is a field study with a quantitative and cross-sectional approach. Data were collected over a 10-day period during the months of February and March, from 6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Results: The highest levels of solar energy generation were observed between 8:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. Conclusion: A significant portion of the energy generated during the day is lost, as lighting and electrical equipment are mostly used at night, when there is no direct solar energy generation.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: Inverters
  topic: keywords
subject: Solar panels
  topic: keywords
subject: Regulators
  topic: keywords
subject: Energy savings
  topic: keywords
creator: Carlos Alberto Fernández V.
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Espectro Investigativo Latinoamericano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-07-27
publication date: 2025-07-27
starting page: 4
ending page: 14
doi: 10.61454/1nzjtt81

Job motivation in the face of the implementation of teleworking among UDELAS administrative staff
type: item
description: This study aims to analyze the influence of job motivation on the implementation of telework in the administrative staff of UDELAS University, Panama campus. A descriptive-correlational mixed-method design was used, applying surveys to a population of 45 administrative employees. The results show that factors such as autonomy, effective communication, technological tools and constant feedback significantly influence the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation of workers. Although telecommuting has allowed operational continuity, critical areas for improvement related to training, organizational culture and internal coordination are identified. It is recommended to implement professional development programs and institutional communication strategies to strengthen motivation and productivity in virtual environments.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: Job motivation
  topic: keywords
subject: telework
  topic: keywords
subject: administrative staff
  topic: keywords
subject: organizational culture
  topic: keywords
subject: UDELAS
  topic: keywords
creator: Danysabel Caballero
creator: José Hurtado
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Espectro Investigativo Latinoamericano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-07-27
publication date: 2025-07-27
starting page: 22
ending page: 29
doi: 10.61454/5dwazk51

ICT as an Educational Tool to strengthen the Teaching-Learning process of University Education
type: item
description: Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have become essential tools for strengthening the teaching-learning process among students. This research addressed the problem statement, the general objective, and the specific objectives, all aimed at verifying the effectiveness of using new technologies in higher education and exploring their potential to enhance the pedagogical, methodological, and communicative processes that contemporary educators must master to foster meaning full earning. Among the relevant background studies, there search conducted by Hernández, M. stands out, whose findings indicate that faculty members at private universities tend to have greater ICT training from an instrumental perspective, rather than a pedagogical one. The study follows a descriptive approach, with a mixed design combining documentary and field research. A survey was used as the primary data collection instrument. The results allowed the conclusion that ICT indeed contribute to improving the teaching-learning process. However, the findings also highlighted the need to strengthen teacher training, not only in the technical use of digital tools but also in their methodological integration. Based on these results, there searcher proposes a continuous training plan aimed at enhancing teachers' digital competencies, there by promoting an effective pedagogical integration of ICT in the university classroom.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: Communication
  topic: keywords
subject: education
  topic: keywords
subject: technology
  topic: keywords
creator: Ángel José Velázquez Ávila
creator: Loiset Ramírez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Espectro Investigativo Latinoamericano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-07-27
publication date: 2025-07-27
starting page: 44
ending page: 50
doi: 10.61454/sswm5p46

Teacher training on the SDGs:
type: item
description: This article presents the findings of an applied research study aimed at designing a training proposal for teachers at ISAE University's central campus, focusing on integrating the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into academic processes. Using a quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional design, a structured questionnaire was applied to a non-probabilistic sample of 52 teachers. The results revealed moderate knowledge of the SDGs and a high interest in receiving specific training on didactic strategies for classroom integration. The training proposal was structured into thematic modules by knowledge area and used active methodologies such as project-based learning. It concludes that contextualized, practical, and interdisciplinary training can significantly strengthen educational practices within the framework of sustainable development.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: Teacher training
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable Development Goals
  topic: keywords
subject: higher education
  topic: keywords
subject: ISAE University
  topic: keywords
subject: teaching strategies
  topic: keywords
creator: Leidy Pérez Rugeles
creator: Dianys del Carmen Reyes Alvarado
creator: Michelle González
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Espectro Investigativo Latinoamericano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-07-27
publication date: 2025-07-27
starting page: 30
ending page: 36
doi: 10.61454/df7fv791

Modernizing Transformations of the Latin American University
type: item
description: This essay offers a critical reflection on the modernizing transformations that have shaped Latin American universities from the 19th century to the present. Through a historical and cultural approach, it examines the relationship between the social, cultural, and intellectual modernization processes in Latin America and their impact on the institutional, epistemological, and functional configuration of higher education. The argument is that the university cannot be analyzed solely from a synchronic or technical perspective but must be understood as a dynamic process embedded in the region’s development tensions, including the rise of positivism, the influence of the Church, the expansion of the professional training model, and the recent emergence of the knowledge society. The author proposes that the university has been transformed into a key agent for the dissemination of knowledge in contexts marked by global, technological, and political changes, and that its role must be reassessed from a more complex, integrative, and critical perspective.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: Latin American university
  topic: keywords
subject: intellectual modernization
  topic: keywords
subject: positivism
  topic: keywords
subject: higher education
  topic: keywords
subject: knowledge society
  topic: keywords
creator: Agustín J. Martínez Antonini
creator: Dilsa Marlene Pinilla Pinilla
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Espectro Investigativo Latinoamericano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-07-27
publication date: 2025-07-27
starting page: 37
ending page: 43
doi: 10.61454/n7ye7x49

E-learning course for learning rational numbers
type: item
description: This paper describes the design and implementation of an e-learning <e-mat> course to determine the learning of rational numbers in undergraduate students in management, consulting and business, at Hosanna University. The methodology consisted of explanatory field research with a quasi-experimental design. The results indicate that the learning of rational numbers was improved in the dimensions of symbolic-mathematical interpretation, accuracy of the answers to the exercises, problem solving and logical sequence in the applied procedures. In conclusion, there is a high margin of acceptance and intellectual complacency on the part of the students who used the <e-mat> course, given its multiplicity of technological resources; its perceptive communicative interaction; and its flexible, feasible and adaptable mechanism.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: Course
  topic: keywords
subject: learning
  topic: keywords
subject: mathematics
  topic: keywords
subject: rational numbers
  topic: keywords
creator: Yesenia Romero de Manzanilla
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Espectro Investigativo Latinoamericano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-07-27
publication date: 2025-07-27
starting page: 51
ending page: 67
doi: 10.61454/98qe6z59

Design of a course of induction to working life aimed at Health Science Students
type: item
description: This research stems from the need of university graduates in the health area to achieve their insertion in the labor market, which requires highly competent professionals who denote the application of their knowledge and soft skills to meet the demands of a constantly changing labor market. For this reason, the objective of this research was to design an induction course for students in their last year of the Faculty of Health Sciences of a private university in Panama City. For this purpose, a qualitative approach was used, based on a sampling of voluntary participants, implementing the focal study as a data collection technique. By way of results, the participants agreed that there is a need to receive training in duties and rights as established in the Panamanian legislation for the health sector. At the same time, they also mentioned the need to implement courses or workshops in their curricula aimed at strengthening their soft skills, as well as the competencies they should have; on the other hand, they emphasized the importance of projecting their personal and professional image. In conclusion. It is evident the lack of knowledge of the participants regarding the personal preparation that entails the entrance to the labor world, given that, to opt for job opportunities, it is necessary to have strengths that are directly linked to the behavior and development of a work and personal environment.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: Course
  topic: keywords
subject: induction
  topic: keywords
subject: working life
  topic: keywords
subject: students
  topic: keywords
creator: Dianys del Carmen Reyes Alvarado
creator: María Gabriela Baena Molina
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Espectro Investigativo Latinoamericano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-07-27
publication date: 2025-07-27
starting page: 68
ending page: 77
doi: 10.61454/d5z23275

Tecnopedagogy of ISAE University Professors: Analysis of Innovative Skills for the Teaching-Learning Process
type: item
description: Technopedagogy, also known as digital pedagogy, encompasses theories, strategies, and activities aligned with the educational curriculum, contextualized within information and communication technology. Its implementation facilitates the acquisition of digital competencies and fosters effective autonomous learning among students. This study examines the challenges and integration of technopedagogy in the teaching and learning process within higher education in Panama. The aim is to assess the technopedagogical skills of ISAE University professors and provide recommendations for improvement. A descriptive quantitative methodology was employed, surveying 181 professors randomly selected from a population of 467. Findings reveal widespread adoption of digital tools in teaching, while also identifying areas for improvement in technopedagogical competencies among some educators. The study underscores the importance of ongoing support and training to ensure effective technology use in education and advocates for a culture of continuous learning in light of technological advancements. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need to invest in technological tools and training programs to bridge the digital divide. In conclusion, the study underscores the significance of nurturing digital competencies and offering continuous training to educators for the successful integration of technopedagogy in the Panamanian higher education landscape.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: Capacities
  topic: keywords
subject: competencies
  topic: keywords
subject: challenges
  topic: keywords
subject: higher education
  topic: keywords
creator: Giselle Ballesteros-Vásquez
creator: Itzela Nunez-Wauhob
creator: Betsy Dagmara Urriola-Adams
creator: Deici Guainora-Guainora
creator: Mitzi Gloribel García-Rodríguez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Espectro Investigativo Latinoamericano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-01-01
publication date: 2025-01-01
starting page: 46
ending page: 59
doi: 10.61454/mb197c42

Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Higher Education in Panama: Challenges and Opportunities
type: item
description: This study aims to analyze the implementation of artificial intelligence in higher education in Panama, identifying the challenges and opportunities it presents. The research was carried out in the context of Panamanian universities during the year 2024, using a documentary methodology that included the review of academic literature and educational policy documents. Existing knowledge on the subject was systematized, research gaps were identified, and a theoretical framework was established that allows understanding the current state of artificial intelligence in education. The results indicate that, although there are significant challenges such as the digital divide, lack of teacher training, and resistance to change, there are also opportunities to personalize learning and improve academic management. It is concluded that the effective integration of artificial intelligence in Panamanian educational institutions requires a multidimensional approach that contemplates technological, pedagogical, and sociocultural aspects, as well as the formulation of coherent educational policies that facilitate its adoption.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: Artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: higher education
  topic: keywords
subject: Panama
  topic: keywords
subject: challenges
  topic: keywords
subject: opportunities
  topic: keywords
subject: documentary methodology
  topic: keywords
subject: learning personalization
  topic: keywords
subject: educational policies
  topic: keywords
creator: Olmedo Batista Solís
creator: Gabriela Rodríguez
creator: Vianca Vargas
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Espectro Investigativo Latinoamericano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-01-01
publication date: 2025-01-01
starting page: 40
ending page: 45
doi: 10.61454/3bv3zz52

Factors and barriers affecting the quality of and access to Health Care in Darién Panama
type: item
description: Currently, the situation in Darién presents a panorama of inequity and vulnerability in health care. Health centers are insufficient and, in many cases, do not have the necessary equipment and personnel to meet the needs of the population. (Sánchez et al., 2021). The relevance of the problem lies in the fact that this situation of neglect and lack of access not only affects the physical health of the inhabitants of Darién, but also their social and economic development. This research arises from the need to make visible the specific conditions of the health system in Darién, given that its remote location and limited communication channels have historically generated significant inequality compared to other provinces in the country. The importance of this work lies in its potential to positively impact at a social and institutional level. This work allowed us to identify various critical factors that affect the quality and access to health services in Darién, Panama. Socioeconomic factors, such as widespread poverty and low educational levels, significantly limit the population's ability to access medical services and understand the importance of preventive care. Regarding the feasibility of this project, the research is viable and is supported by a methodology that considers both the analysis of quantitative data and qualitative experiences and the testimony of professionals and users of health services in Darién. This research will be developed with a mixed approach, combining quantitative and qualitative methods through the analysis of secondary data.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: Access to public services
  topic: keywords
subject: primary health care
  topic: keywords
subject: health inequality
  topic: keywords
subject: Panama
  topic: keywords
subject: health vulnerability
  topic: keywords
creator: Anabys González
creator: Vidanis A. Gutiérrez Moreno
creator: Eddier David Julio Morhaim
creator: Amarilis Vergara Alba
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Espectro Investigativo Latinoamericano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-01-01
publication date: 2025-01-01
starting page: 29
ending page: 39
doi: 10.61454/a218hp92

The Role of Internal Communication in Government Institutions
type: item
description: Internal communication in government institutions plays a crucial role in the efficiency and effectiveness of operations and in the implementation of public policies. This article analyzes how well-structured internal communication can improve organizational performance, promote a culture of transparency and collaboration, and increase employee satisfaction and commitment. In this same sense, the efficiency and effectiveness of a government institution are closely linked to the quality of its internal communication. Therefore, information must flow in a clear and timely manner to allow informed decision making. Thus allowing a robust communication system that facilitates the rapid identification and resolution of problems, adaptation to changes and the implementation of new initiatives within institutions. In addition to this and in relation to what has already been mentioned, it must be taken into account that internal communication is a pillar for the effective functioning of public institutions, since they collaborate in the promotion of transparency, and contributes to commitment among employees, which, ultimately, translates into better service to citizens.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: Internal Communication
  topic: keywords
subject: Performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Transparency
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Relations
  topic: keywords
subject: Image
  topic: keywords
subject: Event Organization
  topic: keywords
creator: Alfonso Armando Samaniego Couto
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Espectro Investigativo Latinoamericano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-01-01
publication date: 2025-01-01
starting page: 13
ending page: 28
doi: 10.61454/zmp52q41

Revolution in Early Stimulation: AI for Children's Cognitive Development through Personalized Programs
type: item
description: The research addresses the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on the personalization of early stimulation programs in Panama. AI enables the adaptation of educational experiences to each child's specific needs, optimizing their cognitive and social development. This is especially relevant in a context where only 35% of children have access to early stimulation programs, most of which are standardized, perpetuating gaps in rural and vulnerable communities. The study highlights how AI can personalize learning through tools such as adaptive algorithms, predictive analysis, and interactive platforms, enhancing learning and reducing inequalities. It also identifies barriers such as the lack of technological infrastructure, teacher training, and cultural resistance, which limit the implementation of AI in education. The importance of addressing ethical challenges is emphasized, including the protection of children’s data and balancing technology with human interaction. Additionally, a governmental commitment is recommended to invest in innovative technologies and inclusive policies that promote educational equity. The research concludes that, when implemented ethically and appropriately, AI can transform early childhood education in Panama, providing equitable and high-quality development from the earliest stages. This requires collaboration between government actors, educators, and society to ensure a sustainable and accessible impact for all children.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: Artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: early stimulation
  topic: keywords
subject: edge computing
  topic: keywords
subject: child development
  topic: keywords
subject: Panama
  topic: keywords
creator: Yaizeth Victoria
creator: Elsiris Ortega
creator: Pablo Morales
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Espectro Investigativo Latinoamericano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-01-23
publication date: 2025-01-23
starting page: 4
ending page: 12
doi: 10.61454/n9f9dj52

La biocontabilidad: disciplina para la cuantificación de la riqueza ambiental
type: item
description: La biocontabilidad es una nueva disciplina derivada de la contabilidad general que compromete el saber científico con el desarrollo integral de la naturaleza y la solución de los problemas del planeta tierra en el que conviven variadas especies, siendo la especie humana la que posee capacidad crítica, enjuiciamiento, valoración y responsable de sus actos y consecuencias. El objetivo de estudio fue evaluar los fundamentos teóricos y aplicados que desarrollan la biocontabilidad como una disciplina para la valoración ambiental. El tipo de estudio es de enfoque cualitativo, alcance descriptivo, de revisión y diseño no experimental. La técnica es documental derivada de la recolección y análisis de artículos científicos almacenados en bases de datos científicas. Como resultado se revisaron 20 (100%) artículos científicos y se analizaron las premisas de aplicación de la biocontabilidad, esto incluye los activos y pasivos de la riqueza ambiental. Se concluye que la biocontabilidad contribuye a la protección de la riqueza ambiental, presentando la información en unidades de medida no monetarias de manera efectiva, de acuerdo al tipo de riqueza contabilizado para asegurar la sostenibilidad ambiental de Panamá.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: Ambiental
  topic: keywords
subject: biocontabilidad
  topic: keywords
subject: biodiversidad
  topic: keywords
subject: contabilidad
  topic: keywords
subject: disciplina
  topic: keywords
creator: Maritza Montenegro
rights: Copyright (c) 2021 Espectro Investigativo Latinoamericano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2021-03-01
publication date: 2021-03-01
starting page: 36
ending page: 38
doi: 10.61454/s247sd56

Gestión Ambiental para disposición de los residuos sólidos en el Instituto Profesional y Técnico de Bocas del Toro
type: item
description: El problema de los residuos sólidos en el ámbito nacional ha generado conflictos sociales, debido a que no cuentan con un relleno sanitario tecnificado. Changuinola, provincia de Bocas del Toro tiene un gran problema de disposición y tratamiento de los residuos sólidos con la instalación de varios sistemas de control para la gestión de los residuos prestando atención a las estrategias de prevención. El objetivo fue diseñar un plan institucional de gestión ambiental para la promoción de una conciencia ambiental adecuada, la generación de espacios de reflexión y participación en un colegio de Bocas del Toro. La técnica es la recomendada para diagnóstico y caracterización de residuos sólidos. Se caracterizó los residuos sólidos con una generación de 30 kg/día y 150 kg/semana. La percepción de los estudiantes y docentes fue 73% pide una medida de tratamiento inmediata, el 20% a mediano plazo y el siete por ciento a largo plazo. Se concluye que de no tratarse el problema de los residuos sólidos se expone de riesgos sanitarios a toda la comunidad educativa. Se trabaja en la creación de un plan de información, sensibilización y divulgación para la recolección, clasificación y disposición final de residuos sólidos, en la institución educativa, Instituto Profesional y Técnico de Bocas del Toro que sirva de referencia para el país.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: Ambiente
  topic: keywords
subject: residuos sólidos
  topic: keywords
subject: Changuinola
  topic: keywords
subject: Bocas del Toro
  topic: keywords
subject: Panamá
  topic: keywords
creator: Plinio Montoya
creator: Esilda Rodríguez
creator: Sandra Ortiz
creator: Xiomara Vanhorn
rights: Copyright (c) 2021 Espectro Investigativo Latinoamericano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2021-03-01
publication date: 2021-03-01
starting page: 30
ending page: 35
doi: 10.61454/gvtdh284